# Enhancing QuickBundles with different metrics and features¶

QuickBundles [Garyfallidis12] is a flexible algorithm that requires only a distance metric and an adjacency threshold to perform clustering. There is a wide variety of metrics that could be used to cluster streamlines.

The purpose of this tutorial is to show how to easily create new Feature and new Metric classes that can be used by QuickBundles.

## Clustering framework¶

DIPY provides a simple, flexible and fast framework to do clustering of sequential data (e.g. streamlines).

A sequential datum in DIPY is represented as a numpy array of size $$(N \times D)$$, where each row of the array represents a $$D$$ dimensional point of the sequence. A set of these sequences is represented as a list of numpy arrays of size $$(N_i \times D)$$ for $$i=1:M$$ where $$M$$ is the number of sequences in the set.

This clustering framework is modular and divided in three parts:

1. Feature extraction
2. Distance computation
3. Clustering algorithm

The feature extraction part includes any preprocessing needed to be done on the data before computing distances between them (e.g. resampling the number of points of a streamline). To define a new way of extracting features, one has to subclass Feature (see below).

The distance computation part includes any metric capable of evaluating a distance between two set of features previously extracted from the data. To define a new way of extracting features, one has to subclass Metric (see below).

The clustering algorithm part represents the clustering algorithm itself (e.g. QuickBundles, K-means, Hierarchical Clustering). More precisely, it includes any algorithms taking as input a list of sequential data and outputting a ClusterMap object.

## Extending Feature¶

This section will guide you through the creation of a new feature extraction method that can be used in the context of this clustering framework. For a list of available features in DIPY see Tractography Clustering - Available Features.

Assuming a set of streamlines, the type of features we want to extract is the arc length (i.e. the sum of the length of each segment for a given streamline).

Let’s start by importing the necessary modules.

from dipy.segment.metric import Feature
from dipy.tracking.streamline import length


We now define the class ArcLengthFeature that will perform the desired feature extraction. When subclassing Feature, two methods have to be redefined: infer_shape and extract.

Also, an important property about feature extraction is whether or not its process is invariant to the order of the points within a streamline. This is needed as there is no way one can tell which extremity of a streamline is the beginning and which one is the end.

class ArcLengthFeature(Feature):
""" Computes the arc length of a streamline. """
def __init__(self):
# The arc length stays the same even if the streamline is reversed.
super(ArcLengthFeature, self).__init__(is_order_invariant=True)

def infer_shape(self, streamline):
""" Infers the shape of features extracted from streamline. """
# Arc length is a scalar
return 1

def extract(self, streamline):
""" Extracts features from streamline. """
# return np.sum(np.sqrt(np.sum((streamline[1:] - streamline[:-1]) ** 2)))
# or use a DIPY's function that computes the arc length of a streamline.
return length(streamline)


The new feature extraction ArcLengthFeature is ready to be used. Let’s use it to cluster a set of streamlines by their arc length. For educational purposes we will try to cluster a small streamline bundle known from neuroanatomy as the fornix.

import numpy as np
from nibabel import trackvis as tv
from dipy.data import get_fnames
from dipy.viz import window, actor

fname = get_fnames('fornix')
streamlines = [i[0] for i in streams]


Perform QuickBundles clustering using the metric SumPointwiseEuclideanMetric and our ArcLengthFeature.

from dipy.segment.clustering import QuickBundles
from dipy.segment.metric import SumPointwiseEuclideanMetric

metric = SumPointwiseEuclideanMetric(feature=ArcLengthFeature())
qb = QuickBundles(threshold=2., metric=metric)
clusters = qb.cluster(streamlines)


We will now visualize the clustering result.

# Color each streamline according to the cluster they belong to.
colormap = actor.create_colormap(np.ravel(clusters.centroids))
colormap_full = np.ones((len(streamlines), 3))
for cluster, color in zip(clusters, colormap):
colormap_full[cluster.indices] = color

ren = window.Renderer()
ren.SetBackground(1, 1, 1)
window.record(ren, out_path='fornix_clusters_arclength.png', size=(600, 600))

# Enables/disables interactive visualization
interactive = False
if interactive:
window.show(ren)


Showing the different clusters obtained by using the arc length.

## Extending Metric¶

This section will guide you through the creation of a new metric that can be used in the context of this clustering framework. For a list of available metrics in DIPY see Tractography Clustering - Available Metrics.

Assuming a set of streamlines, we want a metric that computes the cosine distance giving the vector between endpoints of each streamline (i.e. one minus the cosine of the angle between two vectors). For more information about this distance check http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine_similarity.

Let’s start by importing the necessary modules.

from dipy.segment.metric import Metric
from dipy.segment.metric import VectorOfEndpointsFeature


We now define the class CosineMetric that will perform the desired distance computation. When subclassing Metric, two methods have to be redefined: are_compatible and dist. Moreover, when implementing the dist method, one needs to make sure the distance returned is symmetric (i.e. dist(A, B) == dist(B, A)).

class CosineMetric(Metric):
""" Computes the cosine distance between two streamlines. """
def __init__(self):
# For simplicity, features will be the vector between endpoints of a streamline.
super(CosineMetric, self).__init__(feature=VectorOfEndpointsFeature())

def are_compatible(self, shape1, shape2):
""" Checks if two features are vectors of same dimension.

Basically this method exists so we don't have to do this check
inside the dist method (speedup).
"""
return shape1 == shape2 and shape1[0] == 1

def dist(self, v1, v2):
""" Computes a the cosine distance between two vectors. """
norm = lambda x: np.sqrt(np.sum(x**2))
cos_theta = np.dot(v1, v2.T) / (norm(v1)*norm(v2))

# Make sure it's in [-1, 1], i.e. within domain of arccosine
cos_theta = np.minimum(cos_theta, 1.)
cos_theta = np.maximum(cos_theta, -1.)
return np.arccos(cos_theta) / np.pi  # Normalized cosine distance


The new distance CosineMetric is ready to be used. Let’s use it to cluster a set of streamlines according to the cosine distance of the vector between their endpoints. For educational purposes we will try to cluster a small streamline bundle known from neuroanatomy as the fornix.

import numpy as np
from nibabel import trackvis as tv
from dipy.data import get_fnames
from dipy.viz import window, actor

fname = get_fnames('fornix')
streamlines = [i[0] for i in streams]


Perform QuickBundles clustering using our metric CosineMetric.

from dipy.segment.clustering import QuickBundles

metric = CosineMetric()
qb = QuickBundles(threshold=0.1, metric=metric)
clusters = qb.cluster(streamlines)


We will now visualize the clustering result.

# Color each streamline according to the cluster they belong to.
colormap = actor.create_colormap(np.arange(len(clusters)))
colormap_full = np.ones((len(streamlines), 3))
for cluster, color in zip(clusters, colormap):
colormap_full[cluster.indices] = color

ren = window.Renderer()
ren.SetBackground(1, 1, 1)
window.record(ren, out_path='fornix_clusters_cosine.png', size=(600, 600))
if interactive:
window.show(ren)


Showing the different clusters obtained by using the cosine metric.

### References¶

 [Garyfallidis12] Garyfallidis E. et al., QuickBundles a method for tractography simplification, Frontiers in Neuroscience, vol 6, no 175, 2012.

Example source code

You can download the full source code of this example. This same script is also included in the dipy source distribution under the doc/examples/ directory.